Semiconductor device and driving method thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a semiconductor device which performs a write operation of a signal current rapidly to a current input type pixel. Before inputting a signal current, a precharge operation is performed by flowing a large current. After that, a signal current is inputted to perform the set operation. A predetermined potential can be obtained rapidly as the precharge operation is performed before the set operation. The predetermined potential is approximately equal to a potential after completing the set operation. Therefore, the set operation can be rapidly performed and a write operation of a signal current can be rapidly performed. By using two transistors, a gate width W can be long or a gate length L can be short in the precharge operation or the gate width W can be short and the gate length L can be long in the set operation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/779,315, filed Jul. 18, 2007, now allowed, which is a continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 10/787,347, filed Feb. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat.No. 7,253,665, which claims the benefit of a foreign priorityapplication filed in Japan as Serial No. 2003-055018 on Feb. 28, 2003,all of which are incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device provided with afunction to control by a transistor a current to be supplied to a load,and more particularly to a semiconductor device including a pixel formedof a current drive type light emitting element which changes itsluminance according to a current, and a signal line driver circuitthereof.

BACKGROUND ART

In recent years, a self-luminous type display device of which pixel isformed of a light emitting element such as a light emitting diode (LED)is attracting attention. As a light emitting element used in such aself-luminous type display device, an organic light emitting diode(OLED), an organic EL element, and an electroluminescence (EL) elementare attracting attention and becoming to be used in an organic ELdisplay and the like.

Being self-luminous type, such a light emitting element as an OLED has ahigh visibility of a pixel and provides a rapid response without a needof a backlight as compared to a liquid crystal display. Further, theluminance of a light emitting element is controlled by a current valueflowing through it.

In a display device using such a self-luminous light emitting element, apassive matrix method and an active matrix method are known as itsdriving method. The former has a simple structure, but has a problemsuch that a realization of a large and high definition display isdifficult. Therefore, the active matrix method is actively developed inrecent years in which a current flowing to the light emitting element iscontrolled by a thin film transistor (TFT) provided in a pixel circuit.

In the case of a display device of the active matrix method, there is aproblem that a current flowing to a light emitting element varies due toa variation in current characteristics of driving TFTs, which varies aluminance.

That is, in the case of a display device of the active matrix method, adriving TFT which drives a current flowing to the light emitting elementis used in a pixel circuit. When characteristics of these driving TFTsvary, a current flowing to the light emitting element varies, whichvaries a luminance. Then, various circuits are suggested in which acurrent flowing to a light emitting element does not vary even whencharacteristics of driving TFTs in a pixel circuit vary to suppress avariation in luminance.

[Patent Document 1]

Published Japanese Translation of PCT International Publication forPatent Application No. 2002-517806

[Patent Document 2]

International Publication WO01/06484

[Patent Document 3]

Published Japanese Translation of PCT International Publication forPatent Application No. 2002-514320

[Patent Document 4]

International Publication WO02/39420

Patent Documents 1 to 4 all disclose a structure of an active matrixtype display device. Patent Documents 1 to 3 disclose a circuitconfiguration in which a current flowing to a light emitting elementdoes not vary due to a variation in characteristics of driving TFTsarranged in a pixel circuit. This configuration is referred to as acurrent write type pixel or a current input type pixel. Patent Document4 discloses a circuit configuration for suppressing variations of asignal current due to variations of TFTs in a source driver circuit.

FIG. 6 shows a first configuration example of a conventional activematrix type display device disclosed in Patent Document 1. The pixelshown in FIG. 6 comprises a source signal line 601, first to third gatesignal lines 602 to 604, a current supply line 605, TFTs 606 to 609, acapacitor 610, an EL element 611, and a current source 612 for inputtinga signal current.

A gate electrode of the TFT 606 is connected to the first gate signalline 602, a first electrode thereof is connected to the source signalline 601, and a second electrode thereof is connected to a firstelectrode of the TFT 607, a first electrode of the TFT 608, and a firstelectrode of the TFT 609. A gate electrode of the TFT 607 is connectedto the second gate signal line 603 and a second electrode thereof isconnected to a gate electrode of the TFT 608. A second electrode of theTFT 608 is connected to the current supply line 605. A gate electrode ofthe TFT 609 is connected to the third gate signal line 604 and a secondelectrode thereof is connected to an anode of the EL element 611. Thecapacitor 610 is connected between the gate electrode of the TFT 608 andthe current supply line 605 and holds a gate-source voltage of the TFT608. The current supply line 605 and a cathode of the EL element 611 areinputted with predetermined potentials respectively and have a potentialdifference to each other.

An operation from a write of a signal current to a light emission isdescribed with reference to FIG. 7. Reference numerals denoting eachportion in the drawing corresponds to those in FIG. 6. FIGS. 7(A) to7(C) each schematically shows a current flow. FIG. 7(D) shows arelationship of a current flowing each path when writing a signalcurrent. FIG. 7(E) shows a voltage accumulated in the capacitor 610 whenwriting a signal current, that is a gate-source voltage of the TFT 608.

First, a pulse is inputted to the first gate signal line 602 and thesecond gate signal line 603 and the TFTs 606 and 607 are turned ON. Atthis time, a current flowing through the source signal line, that is asignal current is denoted as Idata.

As the current Idata flows through the source signal line, the currentpath is divided into I1 and I2 as shown in FIG. 7(A). Theserelationships are shown in FIG. 7(D). It is needless to say thatIdata=I1+I2 is satisfied.

A charge is not held in the capacitor 610 at the moment the TFT 606 isturned ON, therefore, the TFT 608 is OFF. Therefore, I2=0 and Idata=I1are satisfied. In other words, current only flows into the capacitor 610to be accumulated in the meantime.

After that, as the charge is gradually accumulated in the capacitor 610,a potential difference starts to generate between both electrodes (FIG.7(E)). When the potential difference between the both electrodes reachesVth (a point A in FIG. 7(E)), the TFT 608 is turned ON and I2 generates.As described above, as Idata=I1+I2 is satisfied, current still flows anda charge is accumulated in the capacitor while I1 decreases gradually.

The charge keeps being accumulated in the capacitor 610 until thepotential difference between the both electrodes, that is a gate-sourcevoltage of the TFT 608 reaches a desired voltage, that is a voltage(VGS) which can make the TFT 608 flow the current Idata. When the chargestops being accumulated (a point B in FIG. 7(E)), the current I1 stopsflowing and the TFT 608 flows a current corresponding to VGS at thattime and Idata=I2 is satisfied (FIG. 7(B)). Thus, a write operation of asignal is terminated. At last, selections of the first gate signal line602 and the second gate signal line 603 are terminated to turn OFF theTFTs 606 and 607.

Subsequently, a light emitting operation starts. A pulse is inputted tothe third gate signal line 604 to turn ON the TFT 609. As the capacitor610 holds VGS which is written before, the TFT 608 is ON and the currentIdata flows from the current supply line 605. Thus, the EL element 611emits light. Provided that the TFT 608 is set to operate in a saturationregion, Idata keeps flowing without changing even when a source-drainvoltage of the TFT 608 changes.

In this manner, an operation to output a set current is hereinafterreferred to as an output operation. As a merit of the current write typepixel of which example is shown above, a desired current can beaccurately supplied to an EL element because a gate-source voltagerequired to flow the current Idata is held in the capacitor 610 evenwhen the TFTs 608 have variations in characteristics and the like.Therefore, a luminance variation due to the variations incharacteristics of TFTs can be suppressed.

The aforementioned examples relate to a technology for correcting achange of current due to variations of driving TFTs, however, the sameproblem occurs in a source driver circuit as well. Patent Document 4discloses a circuit configuration for preventing a change of a signalcurrent due to variations of the TFTs in the source driver circuitgenerated in fabrication.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

In this manner, a conventional current drive circuit and a displaydevice using it have configurations such that a signal current and acurrent for driving a TFT, or a signal current and a current which flowsto a light emitting element when it emits light are equal to each otheror in proportion to each other.

Therefore, in the case where a drive current of a driving TFT fordriving a light emitting element is small or the case of performing adisplay of a dark gray scale by a light emitting element, the signalcurrent becomes small proportionately. Therefore, as a parasiticcapacitance of a wiring used for supplying a signal current to a drivingTFT and a light emitting element is quite large, there is a problem thata time constant of charging the parasitic capacitance becomes large whenthe signal current is small and a signal write speed becomes slow. Thatis, when a current is supplied to a transistor, a problem is that aspeed at which a voltage required for the transistor to flow the currentgenerates at a gate terminal becomes slow.

The invention is made in view of the aforementioned problems andprovides a current drive circuit which is capable of improving a writespeed of a signal and an element drive speed even when a signal currentis small, and a display device using it.

Means for Solving the Problems

According to the invention, in order to complete the set operationrapidly, a potential of a gate terminal of a transistor is set to be apredetermined potential in advance before performing the set operation.The predetermined potential is approximately equal to a potentialobtained when the set operation is completed (when a steady state isobtained). Therefore, the set operation can be performed rapidly. Notethat the set operation in the invention is an operation for supplying acurrent to a transistor and generating at a gate terminal thereof avoltage required for the transistor to flow the current.

Further, an operation for making a potential of a gate terminal of atransistor to be a predetermined potential so that the set operation iscompleted rapidly is referred to as a precharge operation, and a circuithaving such a function is referred to as a precharge means.

The invention is a semiconductor device having a transistor forsupplying a first current to a load and a precharge means for setting apotential of a gate terminal of the transistor at a predeterminedpotential by flowing a second current to the transistor.

That is to say, in the case of performing a set operation to thetransistor, a steady state is not easily obtained and a write operationof a current is not completed when a current value is small. Then, aprecharge operation is performed before performing the set operation. Byperforming the precharge operation, a potential which is approximatelyequal to a potential when the steady state is obtained after performingthe set operation. That is, a potential of a gate terminal of thetransistor is rapidly charged by performing the precharge operation.Therefore, by performing the set operation after the prechargeoperation, the operation can be completed more rapidly.

Note that the precharge operation is performed by flowing a largercurrent than that in the set operation. Therefore, a potential of a gateterminal of the transistor is rapidly charged.

The invention provides a semiconductor device comprising a displayelement, a transistor for supplying a current to the light emittingelement and a precharge means for making a potential of a gate terminalof the transistor at a predetermined potential.

A semiconductor device wherein the signal line driving circuit comprisesa transistor, and a precharge means for making a potential of a gateterminal of the transistor at a predetermined potential. The inventionprovides a semiconductor device comprising a signal line driver circuitcomprising a signal line, a transistor for supplying a current to thesignal line, and a precharge means for making a potential of a gateterminal of the transistor at a predetermined potential.

Furthermore, the invention is a semiconductor device having the steps ofsupplying a first current to a transistor for supplying a current to aload and generating at a gate terminal thereof a voltage required forthe transistor to flow the first current, and then supplying a secondcurrent to the transistor and generating at a gate terminal thereof avoltage required for the transistor to flow the second current.

Further, the invention is a semiconductor device having the steps ofmaking a potential of a gate terminal of a transistor for supplying acurrent to a load at a predetermined potential that the transistor canbe a steady state, and then supplying a current to the transistor andgenerating at a gate terminal thereof a voltage required for thetransistor to flow the current.

The invention is a semiconductor device according to the aforementionedconfiguration in which the first current is larger than the secondcurrent.

Note that a kind of a transistor which is applicable to the invention isnot limited. For example, it may be a thin film transistor (TFT).

It may be a TFT of which semiconductor layer is amorphous, polycrystal,or single crystal. As other transistors, it may be a transistor formedon a single crystalline substrate, a transistor formed on an SOIsubstrate, a transistor formed on a glass substrate, a transistor formedon a plastic substrate, or a transistor formed on any substrates.Besides, it may be a transistor formed of organic material or carbonnanotube. It may be a MOS transistor or a bipolar transistor.

Note that a connection means an electrical connection in the invention.Therefore, other elements, a switch and the like may be disposedin-between.

Effect of the Invention

According to the invention, the precharge operation is performed beforethe set operation. Therefore, the set operation can be performed rapidlyeven with a small current value. Accordingly, an accurate current can beoutputted in the output operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a change with time of a current and avoltage of the current source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of a conventional pixel.

FIGS. 7(A) to 7(E) show diagrams showing configurations of aconventional pixel.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 24 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 26 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 28 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 29 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 30 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 32 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 33 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 34 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 35 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 36 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 37 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 38 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 39 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 40 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 41 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 42 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 43 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 44 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 45 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 46 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 47 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 48 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 49 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 50 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 51 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 52 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 53 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 54 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 55 is a diagram showing a connection of a certain operation of thecurrent source circuit of the invention.

FIG. 56 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 57 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 58 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 59 is a diagram showing an operation of the current source circuitof the invention.

FIG. 60 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 61 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 62 is a diagram showing a configuration of the current sourcecircuit of the invention.

FIG. 63 is a diagram showing a structure of the display device of theinvention.

FIG. 64 is a diagram showing a structure of the display device of theinvention.

FIG. 65 is a diagram showing a portion of a configuration of the signalline driver circuit of the invention.

FIG. 66 is a diagram showing a portion of a configuration of the signalline driver circuit of the invention.

FIG. 67 is a diagram showing a portion of a configuration of the signalline driver circuit of the invention.

FIG. 68 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 69 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 70 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 71 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 72 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 73 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 74 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 75 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIGS. 76(A)-76(H) show views of electronic apparatuses to which theinvention is applied.

FIG. 77 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 78 is a diagram showing a pixel configuration of the invention.

FIG. 79 is a schematic diagram showing a pixel configuration of theinvention.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Although the present invention will be described by way of example withreference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood thatvarious changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled inthe art. Therefore, unless such changes and modifications depart fromthe scope of the present invention, they should be construed as beingincluded therein.

[Embodiment Mode 1]

The invention can be applied not only to a pixel having a light emittingelement such as an EL element, but to various analog circuits having acurrent source. First, in this embodiment mode, a basic principle of theinvention is described.

First, FIG. 1 shows a configuration of the current source circuit basedon the basic principle of the invention. A current source transistor 101which constantly operates as a current source (or a part of it) and aswitching transistor 102 of which operation changes according to thecircumstance of a circuit are provided, and the current sourcetransistor 101, the switching transistor 102, and a wiring 110 areconnected in series.

A gate terminal of the current source transistor 101 is connected to oneterminal of a capacitor 104. The other terminal of the capacitor 104 isconnected to a wiring 111. Therefore, it is possible to hold a potentialof the gate terminal of the current source transistor 101. Further, thegate terminal and a drain terminal of the current source transistor 101are connected to each other via a switch 105 and the capacitor 104 canbe controlled to hold a charge by ON/OFF of the switch 105. The currentsource transistor 101 and a wiring 112 are connected to each other via abasic current source 108 and a switch 106. In parallel with theaforementioned, the current source transistor 101 and a wiring 116 areconnected to a second basic current source 115 via a switch 114.Similarly, in parallel with the aforementioned, the current sourcetransistor 101 and a wiring 113 are connected to each other via a load109 and a switch 107.

Further, the switching transistor 102 is connected to a means forswitching to operate as a current source (or a part of it) or to operatenot to flow a current between a source and drain thereof (or to operateas a switch) according to the circumstance. Here, the case where theswitching transistor 102 operates as a current source (or a part of it)is referred to as a current source operation. Moreover, the case wherethe switching transistor 102 operates not to flow a current between thesource and drain thereof (or the case of operating as a switch) or thecase of operating with a small source-drain voltage is referred to as ashort-circuit operation.

In order to perform the current source operation and the short-circuitoperation to the switching transistor 102, various configurations can beemployed.

In this embodiment mode, FIG. 1 shows a configuration example. In FIG.1, the source terminal and the drain terminal of the switchingtransistor 102 are designed to be connected via a switch 103. Then, thegate terminal of the switching transistor 102 is connected to the gateterminal of the current source transistor 101. The operation of theswitching transistor 102 can be switched between the current sourceoperation and the short-circuit operation by using the switch 103.

By using a circuit having such a configuration as FIG. 1, the prechargeoperation can be performed. Therefore, by performing the set operationafter performing the precharge operation, a steady state can be obtainedrapidly. That is, the set operation can be completed rapidly.

The operation of FIG. 1 is described now. First, the switches 103, 105and 114 are turned ON and the switches 107 and 106 are turned OFF asshown in FIG. 2. Then, the source terminal and the drain terminal of theswitching transistor 102 have approximately the same potentials. That isto say, hardly any current flows between the source and drain of theswitching transistor 102 while a current flows to the switch 103.Therefore, a current Ib2 of the second basic current source 115 flows tothe capacitor 104 or the current source transistor 101. Then, thecurrent stops flowing to the capacitor 104 when the current flowingbetween the source and drain of the current source transistor 101 andthe current Ib2 of the second basic current source 115 become equal.That is, a steady state is obtained. The potential of the gate terminalat that time is accumulated in the capacitor 104. That is, a voltagerequired to flow the current Ib2 between the source and drain of thecurrent source transistor 101 is applied to the gate terminal. Theaforementioned operation corresponds to a precharge operation. At thattime, the switching transistor 102 performs the short-circuit operation.

Next, the switches 105 and 106 are turned ON and the switches 103, 107,and 114 are turned OFF as shown in FIG. 3. Then, a current flows betweenthe source and drain of the switching transistor 102 as the switch 103is OFF. Therefore, a current Ib1 of the basic current source 108 flowsto the capacitor 104, the current source transistor 101, and theswitching transistor 102. At this time, gate terminals of the currentsource transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 are connected toeach other. Therefore, they operate together as a multi-gate transistor.A gate length L of the multi-gate transistor is longer than L of thecurrent source transistor 101. Generally, as the gate length L of atransistor becomes longer, a current flowing through it becomes smaller.

When the current flowing between the source and drain of the multi-gatetransistor and the current Ib1 of the basic current source 108 becomeequal, a current stops flowing to the capacitor 104. That is, a steadystate is obtained. A potential of the gate terminal at that time isaccumulated in the capacitor 104. That is, a voltage required to flowthe current Ib1 between the source and drain of the multi-gatetransistor (current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor102) is applied to the gate terminal. The aforementioned operationcorresponds to the set operation. At that time, the switching transistor102 performs the current source operation.

Note that a charge accumulated in the capacitor 104, that is a potentialof the gate terminal of the current source transistor 101 is set to beapproximately equal voltage in the precharge operation and the setoperation by appropriately setting the current Ib1 of the basic currentsource 108, the current Ib2 of the second basic current source 115, andtransistor size (gate width, gate length and the like) of the currentsource transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102.

Then, in the case where the current Ib2 of the second basic currentsource 115 has a larger current value than the current Ib1 of the basiccurrent source 108, the capacitor 104 can be charged rapidly by theprecharge operation and the steady state can be obtained. After that,even when the current Ib1 of the basic current source 108 is small inthe set operation, the steady state can be obtained rapidly. This isbecause the capacitor 104 is almost charged by the precharge operation.

Next, the switches 103, 105, 106, and 114 are turned OFF and the switch107 is turned ON as shown in FIG. 4. Then, a current flows to the load109. The aforementioned operation corresponds to an output operation.

In this manner, by controlling ON/OFF of the switch 103, a currentflowing in the precharge operation can be large, which enables thesteady state to be obtained rapidly. That is to say, an effect of a loadwhich is parasitic on a wiring through which a current flows (wiringresistance, intersection capacitance and the like) is lessened and thesteady state can be obtained rapidly. At that time, almost the samestate is already obtained as that in the set operation. Therefore, thesteady state can be rapidly obtained in the set operation after theprecharge operation.

Therefore, for example, provided that the load 109 is an EL element, asignal can be written rapidly when writing a signal in the case wherethe EL element emits light in a low gray scale, that is the case where acurrent value is small in the set operation.

Next, a change of a current and a voltage in the aforementionedoperation is shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 5 shows time by the abscissa, and acurrent (I) and a voltage (V) by the ordinate similarly to FIGS. 7(D)and 7(E). A graph 501 shows an amount of a current I₁ which flows to thecapacitor 104 and the like while a graph 502 shows an amount of acurrent I₂ which flows to the current source transistor 101.

An operation as shown in FIG. 2 is performed up to a time T1 b, which isthe precharge operation. Then, an operation as shown in FIG. 3 isperformed from a time T1 b up to a time T2 b, which is the setoperation.

In FIG. 5, when the precharge operation is performed, a steady state isobtained in a time T2 a. Further, when the set operation is performed, asteady state is obtained in a time T2 b. Therefore, provided that thesize (gate width W and gate length L) of each transistor is designed sothat a potential of the gate terminal of the current source transistor101 is set to be approximately equal to a potential in the time T2 b,the set operation can be performed rapidly.

Now, a condition whereby the voltage accumulated in the capacitor 104,that is the potential of the gate terminal of the current sourcetransistor 101 becomes approximately equal in the precharge operationand the set operation is described. First, it is assumed that a gatewidth of the current source transistor 101 is Wa, a gate length thereofis La, and a gate width of the switching transistor 102 is Wb, and agate length thereof is Lb. Note that Wa=Wb is satisfied here forsimplicity. It is assumed that the current flowing in the set operation(the current Ib of the basic current source 108 in FIG. 3) times Aequals to the current flowing in the precharge operation (the currentIb2 of the second basic current source 115 in FIG. 2).

Generally, a current flowing between a source and drain of a transistoris in proportion to a ratio of a channel width and a channel length:W/L. Therefore, a ratio of a gate width and a gate length: Wa/La in theprecharge operation and a ratio of a gate width and a gate length:Wa/(La+Lb) in the set operation are considered. Then, the current Ib1 ofthe basic current source 108 times A equals to the current Ib2 of thesecond basic current source 115, therefore, each value may be set sothat Wa/(La+Lb) times A equals to Wa/La. Accordingly, provided thatcurrent characteristics of the current source transistor 101 and theswitching transistor 102 are approximately the same, a potential of thegate terminal of the current source transistor 101 becomes approximatelyequal to the potential in the time T2 b.

In FIG. 5, the potential of the gate terminal of the current sourcetransistor 101 in the time T2 a is shown so as to have a difference fromthat in the time T2 b, however, this is shown for the purpose of makingthe description easy to understand. Therefore, it is not limited to FIG.5.

Note that in FIG. 2 the switches 103, 105 and 114 are turned ON and theswitches 107 and 106 are turned OFF in the precharge operation, and acurrent of the second basic current source 115 flows and a current ofthe basic current source 108 does not flow, however, the invention isnot limited to this. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the switches 103,105, 114, and 106 may be turned ON and the switch 107 may be turned OFFto flow currents of the second basic current source 115 and of the basiccurrent source 108.

Further, in FIG. 1, two current sources of the second basic currentsource 115 and the basic current source 108 and two switches are usedfor controlling whether to flow each current in order to change theamount of current flowing in the precharge operation and the amount ofcurrent flowing in the set operation, however, the invention is notlimited to this. For example, as shown in FIG. 9, the basic currentsource 108 only may be used for controlling. An operation in theconfiguration shown in FIG. 9 is shown in FIGS. 10 to 12. In this case,however, the current of the basic current source 108 in the prechargeoperation (FIG. 10) and the set operation (FIG. 11) has a valuecorresponding to the operation and normally has a different value.

Note that the load 109 may be anything. It may be an element such as aresistor, a transistor, an EL element, or a current source circuitformed by a transistor, a capacitor, a switch and the like. It may be asignal line or a signal line and a pixel connected to it. The pixel mayinclude any kind of display element such as an EL element or an elementused in an FED.

Note that the capacitor 104 can be substituted by gate capacitance ofthe current source transistor 101, the switching transistor 102 and thelike. In that case, the capacitor 104 can be omitted.

Note that the wiring 110 and the wiring 111 are supplied with a powersupply on the high potential side Vdd, however, the invention is notlimited to this. Each wring may have the same potential or a differentpotential. The wiring 111 is only required to be capable of storing acharge of the capacitor 104. Further, the wiring 110 or the wiring 111is not required to keep the same potential constantly. They may havedifferent potentials between the set operation and the output operationas long as they operate normally.

Note that the wiring 113, the wiring 112, and the wiring 116 aresupplied with a power supply on the low potential side Vss, however, theinvention is not limited to this. Each wring may have the same potentialor a different potential. The wiring 112, the wiring 113, and the wiring116 are not required to keep the same potentials constantly. They mayhave different potentials between the set operation and the outputoperation as long as they operate normally.

Note that the capacitor 104 is connected to the gate terminal of thecurrent source transistor 101 and the wiring 111, however, the inventionis not limited to this. It is most desirable that the capacitor 104 beconnected to the gate terminal and the source terminal of the currentsource transistor 101. This is because the operation of a transistor isnot easily influenced by other effects (an effect of a voltage drop andthe like due to a wiring resistance and the like) as long as a voltageis maintained between the gate terminal and the source terminal sincethe operation of the transistor is determined by a gate-source voltage.Provided that the capacitor 104 is disposed between the gate terminal ofthe current source transistor 101 and another wiring, a potential of thegate terminal of the current source transistor 101 may change dependingon the level of voltage drop of that another wiring.

Note that the current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor102 operate as a multi-gate transistor in the current source operation,therefore, these transistors preferably have the same polarity (have thesame conductivity).

Note that the current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor102 operate as a multi-gate transistor in the current source operation,however, a gate width W of each transistor may be either the same ordifferent. Similarly, a gate length L may be either the same ordifferent. However, the gate width W is preferably the same since thegate width W can be considered to be the same as a typical multi-gatetransistor. As the gate length L of the switching transistor 102 becomeslonger, a current flowing in the set operation and the output operationbecomes smaller. Therefore, an appropriate design may be carried outaccording to the circumstance.

Such switches as 103, 105, 106, 107, and 114 may be any switch such asan electrical switch or a mechanical switch. It may be anything as faras it can control a current flow. It may be a transistor, a diode, or alogic circuit configured with them. Therefore, in the case of applying atransistor as a switch, a polarity (conductivity) thereof is notparticularly limited because it operates just as a switch. However, whenan off-current is preferred to be small, a transistor of a polarity witha small off-current is favorably used. For example, a transistor whichprovides an LDD region and the like have a small off-current. Further,it is desirable that an n-channel type transistor be employed when apotential of a source terminal of the transistor as a switch is closerto the power supply on the low potential side (Vss, Vgnd, 0V and thelike), and a p-channel type transistor be employed when the potential ofthe source terminal is closer to the power supply on the high potentialside (Vdd and the like). This helps the switch operate efficiently as anabsolute value of a gate-source voltage of the transistor can beincreased. It is to be noted that a CMOS type switch can also be appliedby using both n-channel type and p-channel type transistors.

Note that FIG. 1 is shown as a circuit of the invention, however, theinvention is not limited to this configuration. By changing anarrangement and the number of switches, polarity of each transistor, thenumber and arrangement of the current source transistor 101, the numberand arrangement of the switching transistor 102, a potential of eachwiring, a direction of current flow and the like, various circuits canbe employed in the configuration. Further, by combining each changealso, a configuration using various circuits can be achieved.

For example, such switches as 103, 105, 106, 107, and 114 may bedisposed anywhere as long as it can control ON/OFF of a target current.Specifically, the switch 107 which controls a current flowing to theload 109 is only required to be disposed to be in series to the load109. Similarly, the switches 106 and 114 which control a current flowingto the basic current source 108 and the second basic current source 115are only required to be disposed in series to the basic current source108. Further, the switch 103 which controls a current flowing to theswitching transistor 102 is only required to be disposed in parallel tothe switching transistor 102. The switch 105 is only required to bedisposed so as to control a charge in the capacitor 104.

FIG. 13 shows an example in the case where the switch 105 is disposeddifferently. That is, such switches as 103, 105, 106, 107, and 114 maybe disposed anywhere as long as they are connected as shown in FIG. 14in the precharge operation, the current Ib2 of the second basic currentsource 115 flows to the current source transistor 101, and the switchingtransistor 102 perform the short-circuit operation. Note that the basiccurrent source 108 may be connected. Therefore, a wiring is shown by adotted line in FIG. 14. Next, in the set operation, the switches may bedisposed anywhere as long as they are connected as shown in FIG. 15, theswitching transistor 102 performs the current source operation, and acurrent flowing to the switching transistor 102 and the current sourcetransistor 101 flows to the basic current source 108. In the outputoperation, the switches may be disposed anywhere as long as they areconnected as shown in FIG. 16, a gate potential of the switchingtransistor 102 and the current source transistor 101 is held by thecapacitor 104, and a current flowing to the switching transistor 102 andthe current source transistor 101 flows to the load 109. Such switchesas 103, 105, 106, 107, and 114 may be disposed anywhere as long as theyare connected as described above.

Next, FIG. 17 shows an example in the case where the switch 103 isdisposed differently. The switch 103 is connected to a wiring 1702. Apotential of the wiring 1702 may be Vdd or another value. In the case ofFIG. 17, a switch 1701 may be provided additionally or may not beprovided as well. The switch 1701 may be disposed either on a sourceterminal side or a drain terminal side of the switching transistor 102.The switch 1701 is only required to be turned ON/OFF inversely to theswitch 103.

Next, FIG. 18 shows the case where dispositions of the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 are exchanged. In FIG.1, the wiring 110, the switching transistor 102, and the current sourcetransistor 101 are disposed in this order, however, the wiring 110, thecurrent source transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 aredisposed in this order in FIG. 18.

Here, the circuit in FIG. 1 and the circuit in FIG. 18 are compared. InFIG. 1, when the switching transistor 102 performs the short-circuitoperation, there is a potential difference between a gate terminal and asource terminal (drain terminal) of the switching transistor 102.Therefore, a charge is stored in the gate capacitance of the switchingtransistor 102. Then, in the current source operation as well, thecharge remains stored in the gate capacitance. Therefore, a potential ofthe gate terminal of the current source transistor 101 hardly changesbetween in the short-circuit operation (precharge operation) and thecurrent source operation (set operation).

In FIG. 18, on the other hand, when the switching transistor 102performs a short-circuit operation, there is hardly any potentialdifference between the gate terminal and the source terminal (drainterminal) of the switching transistor 102. Therefore, a charge is notstored in the gate capacitance of the switching transistor 102. Then, asthe switch 103 is turned OFF in the current source operation, a chargeis accumulated in the gate capacitance of the switching transistor 102,which operates as a part of a current source. The charge at this time isthe one accumulated in the capacitor 104 or the gate capacitance of thecurrent source transistor 101. This charge moves to the gate portion ofthe switching transistor 102. Therefore, the potential of the gateterminal of the current source transistor 101 changes by the movedcharge between in the short-circuit operation (precharge operation) andthe current source operation (set operation). As a result, an absolutevalue of a gate-source voltage of the current source transistor 101 andthe switching transistor 102 becomes small in the set operation.

Based on the aforementioned, the arrangement of the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 may be designedaccording to circumstances. For example, in the case where an absolutevalue of a gate-source voltage of the multi-gate transistor (the currentsource transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102) is preferablysmall when the precharge operation changes to the set operation, theconfiguration shown in FIG. 18 may be employed.

As an example, there is a case where the current of the basic currentsource 108 in the set operation is small. This is because there is acase where time until a steady state is obtained can be shortened in thecase of FIG. 18. That is, in the case where the current of the basiccurrent source 108 is small in the set operation, there is a case wherethe capacitor 104 has to be discharged by flowing the charge in thecapacitor 104 to the current source transistor 101 and the switchingtransistor 102, instead of charging the capacitor 104. In that case, asthe current of the basic current source 108 is small in the setoperation, absolute values of gate-source voltages of the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 are small. Therefore,the current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102hardly flow a current. As a result, it takes a long time to dischargethe charge in the capacitor 104 to obtain the steady state. In the caseof FIG. 18, when the current source transistor 101 and the switchingtransistor 102 operate as a multi-gate transistor when the prechargeoperation changes to the set operation, absolute values of gate-sourcevoltages become small. Therefore, the capacitor 104 is not dischargedbut charged and the absolute values of the gate-source voltages becomelarge and the steady state can be obtained.

In FIG. 1, the current source transistor 101 and the switchingtransistor 102 are disposed one each, however, a plurality of either orboth may be disposed as well. Further, the arrangement thereof may beselected arbitrarily.

Note that the current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor102 are p-channel type transistors in FIG. 1, however, the invention isnot limited to this. FIG. 19 shows an example of the case where thepolarity (conductivity) of the current source transistor 101 and theswitching transistor 102 are changed and the connecting structure of thecircuit is not changed in FIG. 1. When FIG. 1 and FIG. 19 are compared,it is clear that the change is easily done by changing potentials of thewirings 112, 113, 110, 111, and 116 to the ones of wirings 1912, 1913,1910, 1911, and 1916 and changing the direction of current of the basiccurrent source 108 and the second basic current source 115. Theconnections of a current source transistor 1901, a switching transistor1902, switches 1903, 1905, 1906, and 1907, a basic current source 1908,a load 1909 and the like are not changed.

Further, FIG. 20 shows an example of the case where the polarity(conductivity) of the current source transistor 101 and the switchingtransistor 102 are changed by changing the connecting structure of thecircuit without changing the direction of current in the circuit of FIG.1.

There are a current source transistor 2001 which constantly operates asa current source (or a part of it) and a switching transistor 2002 ofwhich operation changes according to the circumstance. The currentsource transistor 2001, the switching transistor 2002, and the wiring110 are connected in series. A gate terminal of the current sourcetransistor 2001 is connected to one of the terminals of a capacitor2004. The other terminal 2006 of the capacitor 2004 is connected to asource terminal of the switching transistor 2002 (the current sourcetransistor 2001). Therefore, a gate-source voltage of the current sourcetransistor 2001 can be held. Further, the gate terminal and a drainterminal of the current source transistor 2001 are connected via aswitch 2005. The capacitor 2004 can be controlled to hold a charge byON/OFF of the switch 2005.

An operation of FIG. 20 is described. However, as it is similar to theoperation of FIG. 1, the description will be made briefly. First, theswitches 2003, 2005, and 114 are turned ON and switches 107 and 106 areturned OFF. Then, when a steady state is obtained, a current stopsflowing to the capacitor 2004. Then, a gate-source voltage of thecurrent source transistor 2001 is accumulated in the capacitor 2004.That is, a voltage required to flow the current Ib2 between the sourceand drain of the current source transistor 2001 is applied between thegate and source thereof. The aforementioned operation corresponds to theset operation. At that time, the switching transistor 2002 performs theshort-circuit operation.

Next, the switches 2005 and 106 are turned ON and the switches 2003,107, and 114 are turned OFF. Then, the current source transistor 2001and the switching transistor 2002 operate as a multi-gate transistor.Then, when a steady state is obtained, a current stops flowing to thecapacitor 2004. At that time, a gate-source voltage of the multi-gatetransistor is accumulated in the capacitor 2004. That is, a voltagerequired to flow the current Ib1 between the source and drain of themulti-gate transistor is applied between the gate and source thereof.The aforementioned operation corresponds to the set operation. At thattime, the switching transistor 2002 performs the current sourceoperation.

Next, the switch 107 is turned ON and the switches 2003, 2005, 106, and114 are turned OFF. Then, a current flows to the load 109. Theaforementioned operation corresponds to the output operation. At thattime, the switching transistor 2002 performs the current sourceoperation.

Note that a potential of the terminal 2006 of the capacitor 2004 isdifferent between the set operation and the output operation in manycases. However, voltages of both ends of the capacitor 2004 (potentialdifference) does not change, therefore, a gate-source voltage of atransistor does not change and a desired current flows to the load 109.

In this case also, it is needless to say that the switches may bedisposed anywhere as long as they are connected as shown in FIG. 21 inthe precharge operation, connected as shown in FIG. 22 in the setoperation, and connected as shown in FIG. 23 in the output operation.

Note that FIG. 20 shows a circuit corresponding to FIG. 1, however,transistors may be disposed in the order as shown in FIG. 18. In thatcase, a charge is not accumulated in a gate capacitance of the switchingtransistor 2002 in the short-circuit operation.

In the case of FIG. 1, the precharge operation is performed as shown inFIG. 2 and then the set operation is performed as shown in FIG. 3,however, the invention is not limited to this.

For example, the precharge operation as shown in FIG. 2 may be performeda plurality of times. As an example, FIG. 24 shows the case where onemore precharge operation is performed than the case of FIG. 2. In FIG.24, a transistor 2402 which operates as a current source is additionallyprovided. First, while the switches 2403, 2414, and 103 are tuned ON andthe switch 114 is turned OFF, a first precharge operation is performed.After that, the switches 2403 and 2414 are turned OFF and the switch 114is turned ON, then a second precharge operation is performed. That is,it corresponds to the precharge operation of FIG. 2. Note that a currentflowing in the first precharge operation is larger than that of thesecond precharge operation. In this manner, by performing the prechargewith a large current value, a steady state can be obtained rapidly.

Alternatively, another precharge operation may be performed incombination.

For example, by employing a configuration shown in FIG. 25, anotherprecharge may be performed before the precharge operation shown in FIG.2. In FIG. 25, a voltage is supplied from a terminal 1802 via a switch1801. The potential in the precharge operation and the set operation isset approximately equal to a potential in the steady state. That is tosay, the switch 1801 is turned ON to supply a potential of the terminal1802 as shown in FIG. 26. Accordingly, the precharge can be performedrapidly. After that, the switch 1801 is turned OFF to perform theprecharge operation as shown in FIG. 27. This corresponds to theprecharge operation of FIG. 2. Note that a technique to perform theprecharge operation by supplying a voltage is described in the JapanesePatent Application No. Hei 2002-348673 applied by the same applicant. Itdiscloses various precharge techniques, of which contents can be used incombination with this invention.

Note that a transistor used in the precharge operation and a transistorused in the set operation are preferably the same in theircharacteristics. For example, it is preferable that the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 have the same currentcharacteristics in the case of FIG. 1. Therefore, in the step forforming the transistor, it is preferable that the currentcharacteristics thereof become the same as much as possible. Forexample, it is preferable to dispose the current source transistor 101and the switching transistor 102 as close to each other as possible. Inthe case of crystallizing a semiconductor layer of a transistor byirradiating laser, for example, it is preferable that the same shot beirradiated to the both transistors. As a result, the currentcharacteristics thereof can be approximately the same. Accordingly, anappropriate state can be obtained by the precharge operation. Therefore,the set operation can be performed rapidly.

In this manner, by changing an arrangement and the number of switches,polarity of each transistor, the number and arrangement of the currentsource transistor, the number and arrangement of the switchingtransistor, a potential of each wiring, a combination with anotherprecharge method, a direction of current flow and the like, variouscircuits can be employed in the configuration as well as the circuit ofFIG. 1.

Further, by combining each change also, the invention can be configuredby using various circuits.

[Embodiment Mode 2]

In Embodiment Mode 1, the configuration shown in FIG. 1 is described inorder to realize the current source operation and the short-circuitoperation to the switching transistor 102. In this embodiment mode, aconfiguration example to realize the current source operation and theshort-circuit operation is described, which is different from that inEmbodiment Mode 1.

Note that the same part as Embodiment Mode 1 is not described anymore inthe following description.

First, a second configuration to realize the current source operationand the short-circuit operation to the switching transistor 102 is shownin FIG. 28.

The current source circuit shown in FIG. 28 can flow a large current tothe switching transistor 102 by controlling a voltage of the gateterminal of the switching transistor 102. Specifically, by using aswitch 2801, an absolute value of a gate-source voltage of the switchingtransistor 102 is made large. As a result, in the case where a certainvalue of current flows, only a small source-drain voltage of theswitching transistor 102 is required. That is, the switching transistor102 operates as a switch.

In FIG. 28, the gate terminals of the current source transistor 101 andthe switching transistor 102 which are not connected to each other areconnected by using a switch 2802. Accordingly, they operate as amulti-gate transistor.

Next, an operation of a current source circuit shown in FIG. 28 isdescribed. First, as shown in FIG. 29, the switches 2801, 105, and 114are turned ON and the switches 106, 107, and 2802 are turned OFF. Then,the gate terminal of the switching transistor 102 is connected to awiring 2803. The wiring 2803 is supplied with a power source on the lowpotential side (Vss), therefore, an absolute value of a gate-sourcevoltage of the switching transistor 102 becomes quite large. Therefore,now that the switching transistor 102 has quite a large current drivecapacity, the source terminal and a drain terminal of the switchingtransistor 102 have approximately the same potentials. Accordingly, thecurrent Ib2 of the second basic current source 115 flows to thecapacitor 104 and the current source transistor 101, and the sourceterminal of the current source transistor 101 has approximately the samepotential as the wiring 110. Then, when a current flowing between thesource and drain of the current source transistor 101 and the currentIb2 of the second basic current source 115 become equal, a current stopsflowing to the capacitor 104. That is, a steady state is obtained. Atthat time, a potential of the gate terminal thereof is accumulated inthe capacitor 104. That is, a voltage required flow the current Ib2between the source and drain of the current source transistor 101 isapplied to the gate terminal thereof. The aforementioned operationcorresponds to the precharge operation. At that time, the switchingtransistor 102 operates as a switch and performs a short-circuitoperation.

Next, the switches 2801, 107, and 114 are turned OFF and the switches105, 106, and 2802 are turned ON as shown in FIG. 30. Then, the gateterminal of the switching transistor 102 and the gate terminal of thecurrent source transistor 101 are connected to each other. Therefore,the current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102operate as a multi-gate transistor. Therefore, assuming that the currentsource transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 are onetransistor, a gate length L thereof becomes longer than L of the currentsource transistor 101. Then, when a current flowing between the sourceand drain of the multi-gate transistor formed by the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 becomes equal to thecurrent Ib1 of the basic current source 106, a current stops flowing tothe capacitor 104. That is, a steady state is obtained. At that time, apotential of a gate terminal thereof is accumulated in the capacitor104. The aforementioned operation corresponds to the set operation. Atthat time, the switching transistor 102 performs the current sourceoperation.

Next, the switches 2801, 105, 106, and 114 are turned OFF and theswitches 107 and 2802 are turned ON as shown in FIG. 31. On the otherhand, the capacitor 104 stores a charge accumulated in the setoperation, which is applied to the gate terminals of the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102. Thus, a current aslarge as Ib1 flows to the load 109. The aforementioned operationcorresponds to the output operation.

Note that the potential of the wiring 2803 is not limited to Vss. It isonly required to be a value which can turn ON the switching transistor102 sufficiently.

Note that the current source circuit shown in FIG. 28 is described inthis embodiment mode, however, a configuration of the invention is notlimited to this and various changes can be made as far as they do notchange the gist of the invention.

For example, by changing an arrangement and the number of switches,polarity of each transistor, the number and arrangement of the currentsource transistor 101, the number and arrangement of the basic currentsource, the number and arrangement of the switching transistor, apotential of each wiring, a combination with another precharge method, adirection of current flow and the like as in Embodiment Mode 1, variouscircuits can be employed in the configuration. Further, by combiningeach change also, the invention can be configured by using variouscircuits.

For example, each of the switches may be disposed anywhere as long asthey are connected as shown in FIG. 32 in the precharge operation,connected as shown in FIG. 33 in the set operation, and connected asshown in FIG. 34 in the output operation.

FIG. 35 shows the case of exchanging the dispositions of the currentsource transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102. In FIG. 35, thewiring 110, the current source transistor 101, and the switchingtransistor 102 are disposed in this order.

Further, FIG. 36 shows the case of changing a polarity (conductivity) ofthe current source transistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 inthe circuit of FIG. 28 by changing a connecting structure of the circuitwithout changing a direction of current flow.

There are a current source transistor 4101 which always operates as acurrent source (or a part of it) and a switching transistor 4102 ofwhich operation changes according to the circumstance. The currentsource transistor 4101, the switching transistor 4102, and the wiring110 are connected in series. The gate terminal of the current sourcetransistor 4101 is connected to one of the terminals of a capacitor4104. The other terminal 4106 of the capacitor 4104 is connected to thesource terminal of the switching transistor 4102 (the current sourcetransistor 4101). Therefore, a gate-source voltage of the current sourcetransistor 4101 can be held. Further, the gate terminal and the drainterminal of the current source transistor 4101 are connected via aswitch 4105. The capacitor 4104 can be controlled to hold a charge byON/OFF of the switch 4105.

It is needless to say in this case also that the switches may bedisposed anywhere as long as an operation of each of them can benormally performed in the precharge operation, the set operation, andthe output operation.

Note that a wiring 3603 is supplied with Vdd2 which is higher than Vdd.

The invention is not limited to this, however, a potential as high aspossible is preferably supplied in order that a current drive capacityof the switching transistor 4102 becomes as large as possible in theshort-circuit operation.

In this manner, by changing an arrangement and the number of switches,polarity of each transistor, the number and arrangement of the currentsource transistor, the number and arrangement of the basic currentsource, the number and arrangement of the switching transistor, apotential of each wiring, a combination with another precharge method, adirection of current flow and the like, various circuits can be employedin the configuration as well as the circuit of FIG. 28. Further, bycombining each change also, the invention can be configured by usingvarious circuits.

The contents described in this embodiment mode corresponds to EmbodimentMode 1 of which contents is partially changed. Therefore, the contentsdescribed in Embodiment Mode 1 can be applied to this embodiment mode aswell.

[Embodiment Mode 3]

In this embodiment mode, a configuration example is described in whichtransistors are connected in parallel to change the summed value ofcurrents flowing to each transistor, thereby performing the prechargeoperation and the set operation.

Note that the same part as Embodiment Modes 1 and 2 are not describedanymore in the following description.

First, a configuration example of the case in which transistors areconnected in parallel to perform the precharge operation and the setoperation is described with reference to FIG. 37.

There are a set transistor 3702 which operates in a state that a currentflows at least in the set operation, and a charge transistor 3701 whichoperates in a state that a current flows in the precharge operation. Theset transistor 3702 and the charge transistor 3701 are connected inparallel. The gate terminal of the set transistor 3702 is connected toone terminal of a capacitor 3704. The gate terminal of the chargetransistor 3701 is connected to one terminal of the capacitor 3704 aswell. The other terminal of the capacitor 3704 is connected to a wiring3708. Therefore, a potential of the gate terminal of the set transistor3702 can be held. Further, a terminal 3710 and the drain terminal of theset transistor 3702 are connected via a switch 3703. Moreover, theterminal 3710 and the drain terminal of the charge transistor 3701 areconnected via a switch 3706. Further, the terminal 3710 and the gateterminal of the set transistor 3702 are connected via a switch 3705. Thecapacitor 3704 can be controlled to hold a charge by ON/OFF of theswitch 3705. Furthermore, the terminal 3710 and the wiring 112 areconnected via the basic current source 108 and the switch 106. Inparallel to the aforementioned, the terminal 3710 and the wiring 116 areconnected via the second basic current source 115 and the switch 114.Similarly, in parallel to the aforementioned, the terminal 3710 and thewiring 113 are connected via the load 109 and the switch 107.

By using the circuit having the configuration as shown in FIG. 37, theprecharge operation can be performed rapidly. Therefore, by performingthe set operation after performing the precharge operation, a steadystate can be obtained rapidly.

An operation of FIG. 37 is described now. First, the switches 3706,3705, and 114 are turned ON and the switches 107, 106, and 3703 areturned OFF as shown in FIG. 38. Then, a current does not flow betweenthe source and drain of the set transistor 3702. Therefore, the currentIb2 of the second basic current source 115 flows to the capacitor 3704and the charge transistor 3701. Then, when a current flowing between thesource and drain of the charge transistor 3701 and the current Ib2 ofthe second basic current source 115 become equal, a current stopsflowing to the capacitor 3704. That is, a steady state is obtained. Apotential of the gate terminal at that time is accumulated in thecapacitor 3704. That is, a voltage required to flow the current Ib2between the source and drain of the charge transistor 3701 is applied tothe gate terminal thereof. The aforementioned operation corresponds tothe precharge operation.

Next, the switches 3705, 3703, and 106 are turned ON and the switches3706, 107, and 114 are turned OFF as shown in FIG. 39. Then, as theswitch 3706 is OFF, a current does not flow between the source and drainof the charge transistor 3701. Therefore, the current Ib1 of the basiccurrent source 108 flows to the capacitor 3704 and the set transistor3702. Then, when a current flowing between the source and drain of theset transistor 3702 and the current Ib1 of the basic current source 108become equal, a current stops flowing to the capacitor 3704. That is, asteady state is obtained. A potential of the gate terminal thereof atthat time is accumulated in the capacitor 3704. That is, a voltagerequired to flow the current Ib1 between the source and drain of the settransistor 3702 is applied to the gate terminal thereof. Theaforementioned operation corresponds to the set operation.

At this time, by appropriately setting the current Ib1 of the basiccurrent source 108, the current Ib2 of the second basic current source115, and a transistor size (gate width W, gate length L and the like) ofthe set transistor 3702 and the charge transistor 3701, a chargeaccumulated in the capacitor 3704, that is a potential of the gateterminal of the set transistor 3702 (or the charge transistor 3701) iscontrolled to be approximately equal in the precharge operation and theset operation. Then, in the case where the current Ib2 of the secondbasic current source 115 has a larger value than the current Ib1 of thebasic current source 108, the capacitor 3704 can be charged in theprecharge operation and a steady state can be obtained rapidly. Afterthat, in the set operation, the steady state can be obtained rapidlyeven when the current Ib1 of the basic current source 108 is small inthe set operation. This is because the capacitor 3704 is almost chargedin the precharge operation.

Next, the switches 3705, 3706, 106, and 114 are turned OFF and theswitches 107 and 3703 are turned ON as shown in FIG. 40. Then, a currentflows to the load 109. The aforementioned operation corresponds to anoutput operation.

In this manner, by controlling ON/OFF of the switches 3703 and 3706, acurrent flowing in the precharge operation can be large, which canachieve the steady state rapidly. That is, the steady state can berapidly obtained by lessening the effect of a load which is parasitic ona wiring through which a current flows (wiring resistance, intersectioncapacitance and the like). At that time, a state which is approximatelyclose to the steady state in the set operation is already obtained,Therefore, the steady state can be rapidly obtained in the set operationafter the precharge operation.

Therefore, in the case where the load 109 is an EL element, a signal canbe written rapidly when the EL element is to emit light in a low grayscale.

Now, a condition for a voltage accumulated in the capacitor 3704 to beapproximately equal in the precharge operation and the set operation isdescribed. First, it is assumed that a gate width of the chargetransistor 3701 is Wa, a gate length thereof is La, and a gate width ofthe set transistor 3702 is Wb, the gate length thereof is Lb. Then, acurrent flowing in the set operation (the current Ib1 of the basiccurrent source 108 in FIG. 3) times A equals to a current flowing in theprecharge operation (the current Ib2 of the second basic current source115 in FIG. 2).

Generally, a current flowing between a source and drain of a transistoris in proportion to a ratio of a channel width W and a channel length L:W/L. Therefore, a ratio of the gate width and the gate length Wa/La inthe precharge operation and a ratio of the gate width and gate lengthWb/Lb in the set operation are considered. The current Ib1 of the basiccurrent source 108 times A equals to the current Ib2 of the second basiccurrent source 115. Therefore, each value may be set so that Wb/Lb timesA equals to Wa/La. Thus, a voltage of the capacitor 3704 (potentials ofgate terminals of the charge transistor 3701 and the set transistor3702) in the time T2 a becomes approximately equal to a potential in thetime T2 b in FIG. 5, provided that current characteristics of the chargetransistor 3701 and the set transistor 3702 are approximately the same.

Note that the capacitor 3704 can be substituted by a gate capacitance ofthe charge transistor 3701, the set transistor 3702, and the like. Inthat case, the capacitor 3704 can be omitted. Note that in the prechargeoperation, the switches 3706, 3705, and 114 are turned ON and theswitches 107, 106, and 3703 are turned OFF and a current does not flowto the set transistor 3702 in FIG. 38, however, the invention is notlimited to this. For example, by turning ON the switches 3706, 3705,3703, and 114 and turning OFF the switches 107 and 106 as shown in FIG.41, a current may flow to the set transistor 3702.

In the precharge operation, the switch 114 is turned ON and the switches107 and 106 are turned OFF and a current of the second basic currentsource 115 flows and the current of the basic current source 108 doesnot flow in FIGS. 38 and 41, however, the invention is not limited tothis. For example, the switches 114 and 106 may be turned ON and theswitch 107 may be turned OFF so the currents of the second basic currentsource 115 and the basic current source 108 flow.

Note that a wiring 3707, a wiring 3708, and a wiring 3709 are suppliedwith a power source on the high potential side Vdd, however, theinvention is not limited to this. Each wiring may have the samepotential or a different potential. The wiring 3708 is only required tobe capable of storing a charge of the capacitor 3704. Further, thewiring 3707, the wiring 3709, or the wiring 3708 is not required toconstantly maintain the same potential. The potential may change betweenthe set operation and the output operation as long as a normal operationcan be obtained.

Note that the capacitor 3704 is connected to gate terminals of thecharge transistor 3701 and the set transistor 3702 and the wiring 3708,however, the invention is not limited to this. It is most preferablethat the capacitor 3704 be connected to the gate terminal and a sourceterminal of the set transistor 3702. This is because the operation of atransistor is not easily influenced by other effects (an effect of avoltage drop and the like due to a wiring resistance and the like) aslong as a voltage is maintained between the gate terminal and the sourceterminal since the operation of the transistor is determined by agate-source voltage. Provided that the capacitor 3704 is disposedbetween the gate terminals of the charge transistor 3701 and the settransistor 3702 and another wiring, a potential of the gate terminals ofthe charge transistor 3701 and the set transistor 3702 may changedepending on the level of voltage drop of that another wiring.

Note that the charge transistor 3701 and the set transistor 3702 arerequired to have approximately the same potentials in the prechargeoperation and the set operation, therefore, these transistors preferablyhave the same polarity (have the same conductivity type).

Note that the gate widths W of the charge transistor 3701 and the settransistor 3702 may be the same or different. Similarly, the gate lengthL may be the same or different. The gate length L of the set transistor3702 being longer, a current flowing in the set operation and the outputoperation becomes smaller. Further, even when a source-drain voltage ina saturation region changes, a current value hardly changes. That is, akink effect can be small. Similarly, the gate width W of the settransistor 3702 being shorter, a current flowing in the set operationand the output operation becomes smaller. Therefore, an appropriatedesign may be employed according to the circumstance.

Note that the description is made with reference to FIG. 37 and the likein this embodiment mode, however, a configuration of the invention isnot limited to this and various changes can be made as far as they donot change the gist of the invention. For example, by changing anarrangement and the number of switches, polarity of each transistor, thenumber and arrangement of the charge transistor 3701, the number andarrangement of the set transistor 3702, a potential of each wiring, acombination with another precharge method, a direction of current flowand the like as in Embodiment Modes 1 and 2, various circuits can beemployed in the configuration. Further, by combining each change also, aconfiguration using various circuits can be achieved.

For example, each of the switches may be disposed anywhere as long asthey are connected as shown in FIG. 42 in the precharge operation,connected as shown in FIG. 43 in the set operation and connected asshown in FIG. 44 in the output operation. Note that a dotted portion andthe like in FIGS. 42 to 44 may be either connected or not. Therefore,the gate terminals of the charge transistor 3701 and the set transistor3702 may be connected via a switch. Alternatively, they may be connectedas shown in FIG. 46. However, in the case of FIG. 46, the switch 3703 isrequired to be ON to flow a current to the set transistor 3702 in theprecharge operation in order to flow a current to the capacitor 3704.Alternatively, they may be connected as shown in FIG. 47. FIGS. 48 to 50show operations. FIG. 48 shows the case of the precharge operation. Notethat either or both of the switches 3703 and 106 may be ON. FIG. 49shows the case of the set operation. FIG. 50 shows the case of theoutput operation. Heretofore, the switch 3703 is ON in the outputoperation, however, the load 109 is connected to the set transistor 3702without through the switch 3703 in the configuration of FIG. 47.Therefore, the switch 3703 is required to be OFF in the outputoperation.

Further, FIG. 51 shows the case of changing a polarity (conductivity) ofthe charge transistor 3701 and the set transistor 3702 by changing adirection of current flow without changing a connecting structure of thecircuit relatively to a circuit of FIG. 37.

FIG. 52 shows an example of the case of changing a polarity(conductivity) of the charge transistor 3701 and the set transistor 3702by changing a direction of a current flow without changing a connectingstructure of the circuit relatively to the circuit of FIG. 37. Thedescription of an operation of the circuit of FIG. 52 is similar,therefore, it is omitted here.

Note that in this case also switches may be disposed anywhere as long aseach of them can be operated normally in the precharge operation, theset operation, and the output operation or as long as they are connectedas shown in FIGS. 53 to 55.

In this manner, this embodiment mode can be configured by using variouscircuits as well as the circuit of FIG. 37.

In the case of FIG. 37, the precharge operation is performed as shown inFIG. 38 and then the set operation is performed as shown in FIG. 39,however, the invention is not limited to this.

For example, the precharge operation as shown in FIG. 38 may beperformed a plurality of times. As an example, FIG. 60 shows the casewhere one more precharge operation is performed than the case of FIG.38. In FIG. 60, a transistor 6001 which operates as a current source isprovided additionally. First, while the switches 6006, 2414, and 3706are turned ON and the switch 114 is turned OFF, a first prechargeoperation is performed. After that, while the switches 6006 and 2414 areturned OFF and the switch 114 is turned ON, a second precharge operationis performed. That is, it corresponds to the precharge operation of FIG.38. Note that a current flowing in the first precharge operation islarger than that in the second precharge operation. In this manner, byperforming the precharge with a large current value at first, a steadystate can be obtained rapidly.

Alternatively, another precharge operation may be performed incombination.

Note that a transistor used in the precharge operation and a transistorused in the set operation preferably have the same characteristics asmuch as possible. For example, in the case of FIG. 37, the settransistor 3702 and the charge transistor 3701 preferably have the samecurrent characteristics. Therefore, in the step for forming thetransistor, it is preferable that the current characteristics thereofbecome the same as much as possible. For example, it is preferable todispose the current source transistor 3701 and the switching transistor3702 as close to each other as possible. In the case of crystallizing asemiconductor layer of a transistor by irradiating laser, for example,it is preferable that the same shot be irradiated to the bothtransistors. As a result, the current characteristics thereof can beapproximately the same. Accordingly, an appropriate state can beobtained by the precharge operation. Therefore, the set operation can beperformed rapidly.

The contents described in this embodiment mode corresponds to EmbodimentModes 1 and 2 of which contents are partially changed. Therefore, thecontents described in Embodiment Modes 1 and 2 can be applied to thisembodiment mode as well. The contents described in Embodiment Modes 1and 2 can be implemented in combination with the contents described inthis embodiment mode as well.

FIG. 56 shows a configuration of the case where the circuit of FIG. 1and the circuit of FIG. 37 are combined. FIG. 56 has a configuration inwhich the switching transistor 102 and the switch 103 are providedadditionally to the circuit of FIG. 37. Operations at this time aresimply shown in FIGS. 57 to 59. In the precharge operation, theswitching transistor 102 performs the short-circuit operation as shownin FIG. 57 and a current flows to the charge transistor 3701 as well. Inthe set operation, the switching transistor 102 performs the currentsource operation as shown in FIG. 58. In the output operation, theoperation is performed as shown in FIG. 59.

It is needless to say that the contents described in Embodiment Modes 1to 3 can be applied to the configuration of FIG. 56 as well.

[Embodiment Mode 4]

In this embodiment mode, the circuits described in Embodiment Modes 1 to3 which are partially changed are described.

Here, the case of changing the circuit of FIG. 1 partially is describedfor simplicity. Therefore, as most contents are similar to EmbodimentMode 1, those parts will not be described anymore. However, it can beapplied to the various circuits described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 3.

First, FIG. 61 shows the configuration of FIG. 1 which is partiallychanged. What is different is that the switch 107 of FIG. 1 is changedinto a multi transistor 6101 of FIG. 61. The multi transistor 6101 is atransistor having the same polarity (conductivity) as the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102. The gate terminal ofthe multi transistor 6101 is connected to the gate terminal of thecurrent source transistor 101. The multi transistor 6101 changes itsoperation according to the circumstance. That is, it operates as aswitch in the set operation while it operates as a current source as apart of a multi-gate transistor together with the current sourcetransistor 101 and the switching transistor 102 in the output operation.That is, in the case where the gate and the drain of the multitransistor 6101 are short-circuited by the switch 105, the multitransistor 6101 is OFF.

An operation of the circuit of FIG. 61 is similar to FIG. 1, therefore,the description is omitted here.

Note that the current source transistor 101, the switching transistor102, and the multi transistor 6101 operate as a multi-gate transistor,therefore, these transistors preferably have the same polarity (have thesame conductivity).

In the output operation, the current source transistor 101, theswitching transistor 102, and the multi transistor 6101 operate as amulti-gate transistor, however, the gate width W of each transistor maybe the same or different. Similarly, the gate length L of each may bethe same or different as well. However, the gate width W is preferablythe same since the gate width W can be considered to be the same as atypical multi-gate transistor. The gate lengths L of the switchingtransistor 102 and the multi transistor 6101 being longer, a currentflowing to the load 109 becomes smaller. Further; even when asource-drain voltage changes in a saturation region, a current valuehardly changes. That is, a kink effect can be small. Therefore, anappropriate design may be employed according to the circumstance.

Next, FIG. 62 shows the case where the circuit of FIG. 37 is partiallychanged. What is different here is that the switch 107 in FIG. 37 ischanged into a multi transistor 6201 in FIG. 62.

An operation of the circuit of FIG. 62 is similar to that of FIG. 37,therefore, the description is omitted here.

Note that as the set transistor 3702 and the multi transistor 6201operate as a multi-gate transistor in the output operation, thesetransistors preferably have the same polarity (have the sameconductivity).

In this manner, the current source circuits shown in FIGS. 61 and 62 aredescribed in this embodiment mode, however, a configuration of theinvention is not limited to this and various changes can be made as faras they do not change the gist of the invention. For example, bychanging an arrangement and the number of switches, polarity of eachtransistor, the number and arrangement of the current source transistor,the number and arrangement of the basic current source, the number andarrangement of the switching transistor, the number and arrangement ofthe multi transistor, the number and arrangement of the set transistor,the number and arrangement of the charge transistor, a potential of eachwiring, a combination with another precharge method, a direction ofcurrent flow and the like, various circuits can be employed in theconfiguration. Further, by combining each change also, the invention canbe configured by using various circuits.

The contents described in this embodiment mode corresponds to EmbodimentModes 1 to 3 of which contents are partially changed. Therefore, thecontents described in this embodiment mode can be applied to EmbodimentModes 1 to 3 as well.

[Embodiment Mode 5]

In this embodiment mode, configurations and operations of a displaydevice, a signal line driver circuit and the like are described. Thecircuit of the invention can be applied to a portion of the signal linedriver circuit or to a pixel.

As shown in FIG. 63, the display device includes a pixel arrangement(Pixels) 6301, a gate line driver circuit (Gate Driver) 6302, and asignal line driver circuit 6310. The gate line driver circuit 6302sequentially outputs a selection signal to the pixel arrangement 6301.The pixel arrangement 6301 displays an image by controlling a state oflight according to the video signal. The video signal inputted from thesignal line driver circuit 6310 to the pixel arrangement 6301 is often acurrent. That is, a display element disposed in each pixel or an elementwhich controls the display element change their states in accordancewith the video signal (current) inputted from the signal line drivercircuit 6310. The display element disposed in a pixel is, for example,an EL element, an element used in an FED (Field Emission Display) andthe like.

Note that a plurality of the gate line driver circuits 6302 and thesignal line driver circuits 6310 may be disposed.

A configuration of the signal line driver circuit 6310 can be dividedinto a plurality of portions. Briefly, it can be divided into a shiftregister 6303, a first latch circuit (LAT 1) 6304, a second latchcircuit (LAT 2) 6305, and a digital-analog converter circuit 6306. Thedigital-analog converter circuit 6306 includes a function to convert avoltage into a current and may include a function to provide a gammacorrection as well. That is, the digital-analog converter circuit 6306includes a circuit for outputting a current (video signal) to a pixel,namely a current source circuit to which the invention can be applied.

Furthermore, the pixel includes a display element such as an EL element.The display element includes a circuit for outputting a current (videosignal), namely a current source circuit to which the invention can beapplied.

An operation of the signal line driver circuit 6310 is brieflydescribed. The shift register 6303 is configured by using a plurality ofcolumns of flip-flop circuits (FFs) and the like and inputted with aclock signal (S-CLK), a start pulse (SP), and a clock inversion signal(S-CLKb). Sampling pulses are sequentially outputted in accordance withthese signals.

The sampling pulses outputted from the shift register 6303 are inputtedto the first latch circuit (LAT 1) 6304. The first latch circuit (LAT 1)6304 is inputted with a video signal from the video signal line 6308 andholds a video signal in each column in accordance with a timing at whichthe sampling pulses are inputted. In the case where the digital-analogconverter circuit 6306 is disposed, a video signal has a digital value.Further, the video signal in this stage is often a voltage.

However, provided that the first latch circuit 6304 and the second latchcircuit 6305 are capable of storing analog values, the digital-analogconverter circuit 6306 can often be omitted. In that case, the videosignal is often a current as well. Provided that data outputted to thepixel arrangement 6301 has a binary value, namely a digital value, thedigital-analog converter circuit 6306 can often be omitted.

When video signals are held up to the final column in the first latchcircuit (LAT 1) 6304, a latch pulse is inputted from a latch controlline 6309 in a horizontal retrace period and the video signals held inthe first latch circuit (LAT 1) 6304 are transferred to the second latchcircuit (LAT 2) 6305 all at once. After that, the video signals held inthe second latch circuit (LAT 2) 6305 are inputted to the digital-analogconverter circuit 6306 one row at a time. Then, the signals outputtedfrom the digital-analog converter circuit 6306 are inputted to the pixelarrangement 6301.

While the video signals held in the second latch circuit (LAT 2) 6305are inputted to the digital-analog converter circuit 6306 and then tothe pixels 6301, sampling pulses are outputted again in the shiftregister 6303. That is, two operations are simultaneously performed.Accordingly, a line sequential drive can be performed. After this, theaforementioned operation is repeated.

Note that the current source circuit in the digital-analog convertercircuit 6306 performs the set operation and the output operation, acircuit for flowing a current to the current source circuit is required.In that case, a reference current source circuit 6314 is provided.

Note that the signal line driver circuit or a portion of it does notexist on the same substrate as the pixel arrangement 6301 but formed byusing, for example, an external IC chip in some cases.

The IC chip may be mounted on a glass substrate by connecting by COG(Chip On Glass). Alternatively, the IC chip may be connected to theglass substrate by using TAB (Tape Auto Bonding) or a printed substrate.Note that configurations of the signal line driver circuit and the likeare not limited to FIG. 63.

For example, in the case where the first latch circuit 6304 and thesecond latch circuit 6305 are capable of storing analog values, a videosignal (analog current) may be inputted from the reference currentsource circuit 6314 to the first latch circuit (LAT 1) 6304 as shown inFIG. 64. Furthermore, the second latch circuit 6305 may not be providedin FIG. 64. In that case, more current source circuits are disposed inthe first latch circuit 6304 in many cases. Accordingly, the setoperation, the output operation and the like can be performedsimultaneously even without the second latch circuit 6305. For example,by disposing two or more current source circuits, they may be changedover to be used. That is, the set operation is performed to one currentsource circuit and the output operation is performed to the othercurrent source circuit simultaneously. Then, they are changed over in anarbitrary cycle. In this manner, the set operation, the output operationand the like can be performed simultaneously. As a result, the secondlatch circuit 4105 can be omitted. A configuration and an operation ofsuch a circuit are described in International Publication WO03/038796and International Publication WO03/038797, of which contents can beapplied to the invention.

[Embodiment Mode 6]

Next, a specific configuration of the signal line driver circuit 6310described in Embodiment Mode 5 is described.

First, FIG. 65 shows an example of the case where the invention isapplied to the signal line driver circuit. FIG. 65 shows an example ofthe case of connecting transistors in series as shown in FIG. 19 (orFIG. 1). A plurality of current source circuits are connected to awiring 6507. In FIG. 65, only a current source circuit 6501 is connectedthereto for simplicity. The current source circuit 6501 changes over theprecharge operation, the set operation, and the output operation bywirings 6502, 6503, 6504, and 6505. A current is inputted from a basiccurrent source circuit 6507 which includes a basic current source 1908,a second basic current source 1915 and the like in the prechargeoperation and the set operation. In the output operation, a current isoutputted from the current source circuit 6501 to a load 1909.

Note that a current source of the reference current source circuit 6314corresponds to the basic current source circuit 6507 in FIG. 65. Then,the load 1909 in FIG. 65 corresponds to a switch, a signal line, a pixelconnected to a signal line and another current source circuit.

Further, as an example of the case of applying the invention to thesignal line driver circuit, FIG. 66 shows an example of the case ofconnecting transistors in parallel as shown in FIG. 51 (or FIG. 37). Acurrent source circuit 6601 changes over the precharge operation, theset operation, and the output operation by wirings 6502, 6503, 6603,6604, and 6605.

Note that only one current source circuit is shown in FIGS. 65 and 66,however, the output operation can be performed while the set operationand the like are performed by disposing a plurality of current sourcecircuits in parallel and changing them over to be operated.

In the case of performing the set operation to the current sourcecircuit, a timing thereof is required to be controlled. In that case, adedicated driver circuit (shift register and the like) may be disposedfor controlling the set operation. Alternatively, the set operation tothe current source circuit may be controlled by using a signal outputtedfrom the shift register for controlling the LAT 1 circuit. That is, theLAT 1 circuit and the current source circuit may be controlled by oneshift register. In that case, the signal outputted from the shiftregister for controlling the LAT 1 circuit may be directly inputted tothe current source circuit or the current source circuit may becontrolled via a circuit for controlling a separation of a control ofthe LAT 1 circuit and a control of the current source circuit.Alternatively, a signal outputted from the LAT 2 circuit may be used tocontrol the set operation to the current source circuit. A signaloutputted from the LAT 2 circuit is normally a video signal, therefore,the current source circuit may be controlled via a circuit forcontrolling a separation of the case of using as a video signal and thecase of controlling the current source circuit. A circuit configuration,an operation of the circuit and the like for controlling the setoperation and the output operation in this manner are described inInternational Publication WO03/038793, International PublicationWO03/038794, and International Publication WO03/038795, of whichcontents can be applied to the invention.

In the case of outputting an analog current to the load 1909 (forexample, a switch, a signal line, a pixel connected to a signal line andthe like), a digital-analog conversion is required to be performed.Therefore, a configuration shown in FIG. 67 in which a plurality ofcurrent source circuits are disposed is employed. Note that FIG. 67shows the case of 3-bit for simplicity. That is, there are basic currentsource circuits 6507A, 6507B, and 6507C of which size of current in theset operation are Ic, 2×Ic, and 4×Ic respectively. Current sourcecircuits 6501A, 6501B, and 6501C are connected respectively. Note thateach of the current source circuits 6501A, 6501B, and 6501C may be thecurrent source circuit 6501 shown in FIG. 65 or the current sourcecircuit 6601 shown in FIG. 66. Therefore, the current source circuits6501A, 6501B, and 6501C output currents having the size of Ic, 2×Ic, and4×Ic respectively in the output operation. These switches are controlledby video signals outputted from the second latch circuit (LAT 2) 6305. Asum of the currents outputted from each current source circuit andswitch is outputted to the load 1909, namely a signal line and the like.By operating as described above, an analog current is outputted to apixel and the like as a video signal.

Note that FIG. 67 shows the case of 3-bit for simplicity, however, theinvention is not limited to this. By configuring similarly, the numberof bits can easily be changed. By disposing the current sources inparallel similarly to the case of FIG. 66, the set operation and thelike and the output operation can be performed simultaneously.

Next, the case of FIG. 64 is described. A current source of thereference current source circuit 6314 corresponds to the basic currentsource circuit 6507 in FIGS. 65 and 66. A current source circuitdisposed in the first latch circuit (LAT 1) 6304 corresponds to thecurrent source circuits 6501 and 6601 in FIGS. 65 and 66. Then, the loadin FIGS. 65 and 66 corresponds to a current source circuit disposed inthe second latch circuit (LAT 2) 6305. In this case, a video signal as acurrent is outputted from a current source in the reference currentsource circuit 6314. Note that the current is either a digital value oran analog value.

In the case where the second latch circuit (LAT 2) 6305 is not disposed,the load 1909 in FIGS. 65 and 66 corresponds to a pixel and a signalline.

Further, it can be considered that a current source circuit disposed inthe first latch circuit 6304 corresponds to the basic current sourcecircuit 6507 in FIGS. 65 and 66, a current source circuit disposed inthe second latch circuit 6305 corresponds to the current source circuits6501 and 6601 in FIGS. 65 and 66, and a pixel and a signal linecorrespond to the load 1909 in FIGS. 65 and 66.

Furthermore, the reference current source circuit 6314 shown in FIGS. 63and 64 can be applied as well. That is, it can be considered that thereference current source circuit 6314 corresponds to the current sourcecircuits 6501 and 6601 in FIGS. 65 and 66, a current source circuitdisposed in the first latch circuit 6304 corresponds to the load 1909 inFIGS. 65 and 66, and another current source (a circuit for supplying acurrent to the reference current source circuit 6314) corresponds to thebasic current source circuit 6507 in FIGS. 65 and 66.

It can also be considered that a light emitting element disposed in apixel corresponds to the load 1909 in FIGS. 65 and 66, a current sourcecircuit disposed in a pixel corresponds to the current source circuits6501 and 6601 in FIGS. 65 and 66, and a current source circuit foroutputting a current to a pixel in the signal line driver circuit 6310corresponds to the basic current source circuit 6507 in FIGS. 65 and 66.Note that a current is supplied from the current source circuit disposedin a pixel to the light emitting element, thereby the light emittingelement emits light.

In this manner, the invention can be applied to various portions.

Note that a digital video signal (current value) corresponding to eachbit may be inputted to the first latch circuit 6304. By adding a digitalvideo signal current corresponding to each bit after that, the digitalvalue can be converted into an analog value. In that case, the inventioncan be more preferably applied to the case of inputting a signal havinga small digit number. This is because a current value of a signalbecomes small in the case of a signal having a small digit number. Thecurrent value of the signal can be large by applying the invention.Therefore, a write speed of a signal can be improved.

Note that a configuration of FIG. 19 (FIG. 1) is used as a configurationof the current source circuit 6501 in FIG. 65, however, the invention isnot limited to this. Similarly, a configuration of FIG. 51 (FIG. 37) isused as a configuration of the current source circuit 6601 in FIG. 66,however, the invention is not limited to this. Various configurationsaccording to the invention can be used.

In this manner, by applying the invention to the signal line drivercircuit, the set operation can be performed rapidly even with a smallcurrent value to be inputted to the signal line driver circuit. Providedthat the set operation cannot be performed sufficiently, an accuratecurrent cannot be outputted to a signal line. In that case, the pixelcannot perform an accurate display. Therefore, by applying theinvention, an image defect can be prevented.

Note that the contents described in this embodiment mode correspond tothe one utilizing the contents described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 5.Therefore, the contents described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 5 can beapplied to this embodiment mode as well.

[Embodiment Mode 7]

In Embodiment Mode 6, a specific configuration of the signal line drivercircuit 6310 is described. In this embodiment mode, a specificconfiguration of the case of applying the invention to pixels arrangedin array in the pixel arrangement 6301 is described.

First, FIG. 68 shows the case of applying the configuration shown inFIG. 1 to a pixel. The load 109 shown in FIG. 1 corresponds to an ELelement 6802 in FIG. 68. The basic current source 108 and the secondbasic current source 115 in FIG. 68 correspond to current sourcecircuits disposed in the digital-analog converter circuit 6306 in FIG.63 and to current source circuits disposed in the second latch circuit6305 in FIG. 64. In the case where the second latch circuit 6305 is notprovided in FIG. 64, they correspond to the current source circuitsdisposed in the first latch circuit 6304. Note that a plurality ofpixels are connected to the wiring 6807 actually. FIG. 68 shows the casewhere only one pixel is connected for simplicity.

Each switch (transistor in FIG. 68) is controlled to be ON/OFF by usinggate lines 6803 to 6806. By turning ON/OFF a selection transistor 6801by controlling the gate line 6803, a signal is inputted from the signalline 6807. Note that a detailed operation is similar to FIG. 1,therefore, the description is omitted here.

FIG. 69 shows the case of applying the configuration shown in FIG. 37 toa pixel. Each switch (transistor in FIG. 69) is controlled to be ON/OFFby using gate lines 6903 to 6907. A selection transistor 6901 is turnedON/OFF by controlling the gate line 6903 and a signal is inputted fromthe signal line 6807. Note that a detailed operation is similar to FIG.37, therefore, the description is omitted here.

FIG. 77 shows the case of applying the configuration shown in FIG. 45 toa pixel. Each switch (transistor in FIG. 77) is controlled to be ON/OFFby using gate lines 7703 to 7707. A selection transistor 7701 is turnedON/OFF by controlling the gate line 7007 and a signal is inputted fromthe signal line 6807. Note that a detailed operation is similar to FIG.45, therefore, the description is omitted here.

FIG. 78 shows the case where a connection of wirings of theconfiguration of FIG. 77 is changed. In FIG. 77, the transistor 3701 isconnected to the signal line 6807 via the transistor 3706 and theselection transistor 7701. In FIG. 78, on the other hand, the transistor3701 is connected to the signal line 6807 via the transistor 3706.

FIG. 78 shows a diagram in which one pixel is connected to the signalline 6807. Here, a circuit 7812 formed of the transistor 3701 and thetransistor 3706 and a circuit 7811 formed of the others are considered.In FIG. 78, the circuit 7812 is connected to each pixel. The circuit7812, however, is not required to be disposed in each pixel. That is,the circuit 7812 may be shared by a plurality of pixels. Further, onepixel may be formed by a circuit 7811. An example of that case is shownin FIG. 79. Pixels 7811A, 7811B, 7811C, and 7811D each formed of thecircuit 7811 are connected to the wiring 6807. In this manner, aplurality of pixels each found of the circuit 7811 may be connected tothe wiring 6807 as long as at least one circuit 7812 is connectedthereto. In FIG. 79, four pixels each formed of the circuit 7811 and twocircuits each formed of the circuit 7812 are connected for simplicity,however, the invention is not limited to this. Each of them may beprovided in an arbitrary number.

In this manner, by sharing a circuit formed of the circuit 7812 betweenpixels, the circuit 7812 is not required to be disposed in each pixel.Therefore, the number of transistors in each pixel can be reduced. As aresult, an aperture ratio and the yield in the manufacturing process canbe improved.

It is preferable that the circuit 7812 be disposed outside (periphery)of the pixel arrangement like the circuit 7812A and the circuit 7812B.This is because it is inappropriate to dispose the circuit 7812 in thepixel arrangement since pixels are disposed at regular intervals in thepixel arrangement. Therefore, it is preferable to connect between thepixel arrangement and a current source (the basic current source 108,the second basic current source 115 and the like) like the circuit7812A, or connect at an end of the wiring 6807 like the circuit 7812B.It is more preferable to connect at the end of the wiring 6807 like thecircuit 7812B since a current flows through the whole wiring 6807.

Note that sharing the circuit 7812 is not limited in a pixel portion asshown in FIG. 79. It can be applied to a signal line driver circuit aswell.

Further, FIG. 70 shows the case of applying the configuration shown inFIG. 47 to a pixel. Each switch (transistor in FIG. 70) is controlled tobe ON/OFF by using gate lines 7003 to 7006. Each transistor is turnedON/OFF by controlling the gate lines 7003 to 7005 and a signal isinputted from the signal line 6807. Note that a detailed operation issimilar to FIG. 47, therefore, the description is omitted here.

In FIGS. 68, 69, 77, and 78, a plurality of pixels are connected to onesignal line 6807, therefore, dedicated switches (selection transistors)6801, 6901, 7701, and 7801 for selecting a specific pixel are required.In the case of FIG. 70, on the other hand, a normal operation can beobtained by controlling the transistors 3703, 3705, and 3706 evenwithout such switches.

A configuration to be applied to a pixel is not limited to theconfigurations shown in FIGS. 68 to 70. A pixel can be configured byusing various configurations described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 6.

For example, a polarity (conductivity) of the transistors in FIGS. 68 to70, 77 and 78 is not limited to this. In the case of operating as aswitch, in particular, the polarity (conductivity) can be changedwithout changing the connection.

In FIGS. 68 to 70, 77 and 78, a current flows from a power supply line6808 to the wiring 113, however, the invention is not limited to this. Acurrent may flow from the wiring 113 to the power supply line 6808 bycontrolling potentials of the power supply line 6808 and the wiring 113.In that case, however, the EL element 6802 is required to be disposedinversely. This is because a current typically flows from an anode to acathode in the EL element 6802.

Note that in the EL element, light may emit from either the anode sideor the cathode side. Note that in FIGS. 68 to 70, 77 and 78, the gatelines 6803 to 6806, gate lines 6903 to 6907, gate lines 7003 to 7006,gate lines 7703 to 7707, gate lines 7803 to 7807 or the power sourceline 6808 are used for connecting to each transistor, however, theinvention is not limited to this.

For example, each gate line can be shared by controlling a polarity andoperation of a transistor which operates as a switch. By controlling apolarity of each transistor in the circuit of FIG. 68, for example, thenumber of gate lines can be reduced as shown in FIG. 71. Similarly, thenumber of gate lines can be reduced as shown in FIG. 72 in the circuitof FIG. 70.

In FIGS. 68 to 70, 77 and 78, the capacitors 104 and 3704 are connectedto the power source line 6808, however, they may be connected to anotherwiring, for example, a gate line of another pixel and the like.

In FIGS. 68 to 70, 77 and 78, the power source line 6808 is disposed,however, it may be removed and substituted by a gate line of anotherpixel and the like.

In this manner, a pixel can employ various configurations.

In the case of displaying an image by using these pixels, a gray scalecan be displayed by using various methods.

For example, an analog video signal (analog current) being inputted fromthe signal line 6807 to the pixel, a current corresponding to the videosignal is supplied to a display element to display a gray scale.

Alternatively, a digital video signal (digital current) being inputtedfrom the signal line 6807 to the pixel, a current corresponding to thevideo signal is supplied to the display element to display two-levelgray scale. In this case, however, a multi-level gray scale is often tobe displayed by combining a time gray scale method and an area grayscale method.

For example, when applying the time gray scale method and forciblymaking the display element not to emit light, a current is not to besupplied to the display element. Therefore, for example, the transistor107 is to be turned OFF. Otherwise, by controlling a charge in thecapacitors 104 and 3704, a current is not to flow to the display elementas a result. In order to realize the aforementioned, a switch and thelike may be provided additionally.

In the case where the number of gate lines is to be reduced as shown inFIGS. 71 and 72, the transistor 107 which is to be controlled forforcibly making the display element not to emit light is preferablycontrolled by a dedicated gate line. Further, in the case of controllinga charge in the capacitors 104 and 3704, a transistor which is capableof changing a charge in the capacitors 104 and 3704 is preferablycontrolled by a dedicated gate line.

A detailed description on the time gray scale method is omitted here,however, the methods described in Japanese Patent Application No.2001-5426 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-86968 can be referredto.

Further, a digital video signal (digital voltage) being inputted from asignal line to a pixel, a current is controlled to be supplied to adisplay element or not in accordance with the video signal, thereby atwo-level gray scale may be displayed. Accordingly, in this case also, amulti-level gray scale is often to be displayed as well by combining thetime gray scale method, the area gray scale method and the like. FIG. 73shows a schematic diagram. A switch 7304 is turned ON/OFF by controllinga gate line 7306, thereby a voltage is inputted from a signal line 7305to a capacitor 7303. According to that value, a switch 7302 disposed inseries to a current source circuit 7301 is controlled to determine tosupply a current to the EL element 6802 or not. The invention can beapplied to the current source circuit 7301. That is, a current issupplied from the basic current source 108 and the second basic currentsource 115 to the current source circuit 7301 to perform the prechargeoperation and the set operation, thereby a current is supplied from thecurrent source circuit 7301 to the EL element 6802 as a load.

Furthermore, by flowing a current from another current source to thebasic current source 108 or the second basic current source 115 toperform the precharge operation and the set operation, a current mayflow from the basic current source 108 and the second basic currentsource 115 to the current source circuit 7301 as a load.

FIG. 74 shows an example of applying the circuit shown in FIG. 1 as thecurrent source circuit 7301 to a pixel and FIG. 75 shows an example ofapplying the circuit shown in FIG. 47 to a pixel.

Detailed descriptions on the circuits shown in FIGS. 74 and 75 areomitted, however, the configurations and methods described inInternational Publication WO03/027997, Japanese Patent Application No.2002-143882, Japanese Patent Application No. 143885, Japanese PatentApplication No. 2002-143886, Japanese Patent Application No.2002-143887, Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-143888 and the likemay be applied to.

Note that the configuration is not limited to the circuits shown inFIGS. 74 and 75. Various configurations described in this invention canbe applied.

In this manner, by applying the invention to a pixel, the set operationcan be performed rapidly even with a small current value to be inputtedto the pixel. Provided that the set operation cannot be performedsufficiently, an image cannot be displayed accurately. Therefore, byapplying the invention, an image defect can be prevented.

Note that the contents described in this embodiment mode corresponds tothe one which utilizes the contents described in Embodiment Modes 1 to6. Therefore, the contents described in Embodiment Modes 1 to 6 can beapplied to this embodiment mode as well.

[Embodiment Mode 8]

Electronic apparatuses using the invention include a video camera, adigital camera, a goggle type display (head mounted display), anavigation system, an audio reproducing device (car audio, audiocomponent system and the like), a notebook type personal computer, agame machine, a portable information terminal (mobile computer, portablephone, portable game machine, electronic book or the like), an imagereproducing device provided with a recording medium (specifically, adevice which reproduces a recording medium such as a Digital VersatileDisc (DVD) and has a display to display the image) and the like.Specific examples of those electronic apparatuses are shown in FIG. 76.

FIG. 76(A) illustrates a light emitting device including a housing13001, a support base 13002, a display portion 13003, speaker portions13004, a video input terminal 13005 and the like. The invention can beused in an electronic circuit which forms the display portion 13003.According to the invention, the light emitting device shown in FIG.76(A) is completed. The light emitting device is self-luminous type,therefore, no backlight is required and a thinner display portion than aliquid crystal display can be obtained. Note that the light emittingdevice refers to all light emitting devices for displaying information,including ones for personal computers, for TV broadcasting reception,and for advertisement.

FIG. 76(B) illustrates a digital still camera including a main body13101, a display portion 13102, an image receiving portion 13103,operating keys 13104, an external connecting port 13105, a shutter 13106and the like. The invention can be used in an electronic circuit whichforms the display portion 13102. According to the invention, the digitalstill camera shown in FIG. 76(B) is completed.

FIG. 76(C) illustrates a notebook type personal computer including amain body 13201, a housing 13202, a display portion 13203, a keyboard13204, an external connecting port 13205, a pointing mouse 13206 and thelike. The invention can be used in an electronic circuit which forms thedisplay portion 13203. According to the invention, the notebook typepersonal computer shown in FIG. 76(C) is completed.

FIG. 76(D) illustrates a mobile computer including a main body 13301, adisplay portion 13302, a switch 13303, operating keys 13304, an infraredport 13305 and the like. The invention can be used in an electroniccircuit which forms the display portion 13302. According to theinvention, the mobile computer shown in FIG. 76(D) is completed.

FIG. 76(E) illustrates a portable image reproducing device provided witha recording medium (specifically a DVD reproducing device), including amain body 13401, a housing 13402, a display portion A 13403, a displayportion B 13404, a recording medium (such as a DVD) reading portion13405, an operating key 13406, a speaker portion 13407 and the like. Thedisplay portion A 13403 mainly displays image data while the displayportion B 13404 mainly displays text data. The invention can be used inan electronic circuit which forms the display portions A 13403 and B13404. Note that an image reproducing device provided with a recordingmedium includes a home game machine and the like. According to theinvention, a DVD reproducing device shown in FIG. 76(E) is completed.

FIG. 76(F) illustrates a goggle type display (head mounted display)including a main body 13501, a display portion 13502, and an arm portion13503. The invention can be used in an electronic circuit which formsthe display portion 13502. According to the invention, the goggle typedisplay shown in FIG. 76(F) is completed.

FIG. 76(G) illustrates a video camera including a 13601, a displayportion 13602, a housing 13603, an external connecting port 13604, aremote control receiving portion 13605, an image receiving portion13606, a battery 13607, an audio input portion 13608, operating keys13609 and the like. The invention can be used in an electronic circuitwhich forms the display portion 13602. According to the invention, thevideo camera shown in FIG. 76(G) is completed.

FIG. 76(H) illustrates a portable phone including a main body 13701, ahousing 13702, a display portion 13703, au audio input portion 13704, anaudio output portion 13705, an operating key 13706, an externalconnecting port 13707, an antenna 13708 and the like. The invention canbe used in an electronic circuit which forms the display portion 13703.Note that power consumption of the portable phone can be suppressed bydisplaying white text on a black background in the display portion13703. According to the invention, the portable phone shown in FIG.76(H) is completed.

Provided that a light emission luminance of a light emitting materialbecomes high in the future, the light including outputted image data canbe expanded and projected by using a lens and the like to be used for afront or rear type projector.

Furthermore, the aforementioned electronic apparatuses are becoming tobe more used for displaying information distributed through atelecommunication path such as Internet, a CATV (cable televisionsystem), and in particular for displaying moving picture information.The display device is suitable for displaying moving pictures since thelight emitting material can exhibit high response speed.

It is preferable to display data with as small light emitting portion aspossible because the light emitting device consumes power in the lightemitting portion. Therefore, in the case of using the light emittingdevice in the display portions of the portable information terminal, inparticular a portable phone or an audio reproducing device which mainlydisplays text data, it is preferable to drive so that the text data isformed by a light emitting portion with a non-light emitting portion asa background.

As described above, the application range of the invention is so widethat the invention can be used in various fields of electronicapparatuses. The electronic apparatuses described in this embodiment canuse any configuration of the semiconductor device described inEmbodiment Modes 1 to 6.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a load;a first current source; a second current source; a first transistor; asecond transistor; a third transistor; a capacitor; a first switchelectrically connected between the load and one of a source and a drainof the first transistor; and a second switch electrically connectedbetween the first current source and the one of the source and the drainof the first transistor, wherein one of a source and a drain of thesecond transistor is electrically connected to the second currentsource, and the other of the source and the drain of the secondtransistor is electrically connected to the one of the source and thedrain of the first transistor and is directly connected to the secondswitch, wherein one of two electrodes of the capacitor is directlyconnected to a gate of the first transistor and the other of the twoelectrodes of the capacitor is directly connected to the one of thesource and the drain of the first transistor, wherein the other of thesource and the drain of the first transistor is directly connected toone of a source and a drain of the third transistor, and wherein theother of the source and the drain of the third transistor is directlyconnected to a power source line.
 2. The semiconductor device accordingto claim 1, wherein the load is a display element.
 3. The semiconductordevice according to claim 1, wherein the load is a signal line.
 4. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein at least one of thefirst current source and the second current source is a constant currentsource.
 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein theload is an EL element.
 6. A semiconductor device comprising: a load; afirst current source; a second current source; a capacitor; a firsttransistor; a second transistor; a third transistor; a fourthtransistor; and a fifth transistor, wherein one of two electrodes of thecapacitor is directly connected to a gate of the first transistor andthe other of the two electrodes of the capacitor is directly connectedto one of a source and a drain of the first transistor, wherein one of asource and a drain of the second transistor is electrically connected tothe one of the source and the drain of the first transistor and theother of the source and the drain of the second transistor iselectrically connected to the load, wherein one of a source and a drainof the third transistor is electrically connected to the one of thesource and the drain of the first transistor and the other of the sourceand the drain of the third transistor is electrically connected to thefirst current source, wherein one of a source and a drain of the fourthtransistor is electrically connected to the one of the source and thedrain of the first transistor and is directly connected to the one ofthe source and the drain of the third transistor, and the other of thesource and the drain of the fourth transistor is electrically connectedto the second current source, wherein the other of the source and thedrain of the first transistor is directly connected to one of a sourceand a drain of the fifth transistor, and wherein the other of the sourceand the drain of the fifth transistor is directly connected to a powersource line.
 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 6, whereinthe load is a display element.
 8. The semiconductor device according toclaim 6, wherein the load is a signal line.
 9. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 6, wherein at least one of the first current sourceand the second current source is a constant current source.
 10. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 5, wherein the load is an ELelement.